Swimming Physical Training Prevented the Onset of Acute Muscle Pain by a Mechanism Dependent of PPAR gamma Receptors and CINC-1

Regular physical exercise has been described as a good strategy for prevention or reduction of musculoskeletal pain. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR gamma) has been investigated as a promising target for the control of inflammatory pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether activation of PPAR gamma receptors is involved in the reduction of acute muscle pain by chronic exercise and, in this case, whether this process is modulated by inflammatory cytokines. To this end, Wistar rats were submitted to swimming physical training for a period of 10 weeks, 5 days per week, 40 min/day, in an intensity of 4% of the body mass. Muscle hyperalgesia was measured by Randall Selitto test and pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified by ELISA. The results showed that swimming physical training prevented the onset of acute mechanical muscle hyperalgesia and the increase in muscle levels of Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1) induced by carrageenan into gastrocnemius muscle. In addition, local pre-treatment with the selective PPAR gamma receptors antagonist GW9662 reversed the mechanical muscle hypoalgesia and the modulation of CINC-1 levels induced by swimming physical training. These data suggest that swimming physical training prevented the onset of acute mechanical muscle hyperalgesia by a mechanism dependent of PPAR gamma receptors, which seems to contribute to this process by modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine CINC-1, and highlight the potential of PPAR gamma receptors as a target to control musculoskeletal pain and to potentiate the reduction of musculoskeletal pain induced by exercise. (C) 2019 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (AU)