Radiographic assessment of cattle hoofs (ungulae) of the Nellore breed: Reference standards

The purpose of this work was to determine a radiographic standard of normality for lateral and medial ungulae in 3-year-old bovine females of the Nellore breed. Twenty-six cows underwent radiographic exposure of the medial and lateral ungulae of the hindlimbs and forelimbs; abaxioaxial projections were used. The images were analyzed; distances were measured between the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx and the surface of the hoof capsule. The two angles formed, i.e., an angle between the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx and a line parallel to the sole (inner), and an angle between the dorsal surface of the hoof and a line parallel to the sole (outer), were also recorded. The results suggested a standard of normality for the proximal, middle and distal distances of the ungulae of the forelimbs: 0.96 +/- 0.12 cm. For the measurement of hindlimbs, except for the distal distances of the side ungulae, the suggested value was 1.02 +/- 0.14 cm; for the distal measurement of the lateral ungulae of the hindlimbs, the value was 1.09 +/- 0.12 cm. For inner and outer angles, the values were 36.45 degrees +/- 4.4 degrees for the medial ungulae of the forelimbs and 42.50 degrees +/- 3.8 degrees for other ungulae of the forelimbs and hindlimbs (standard deviations of the values suggested for the angles should be used as variations between different animals, limbs and ungulae; they should not be used between angles of the same ungula). (AU)