Viability and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Progenitor Cells Are Maintained After Incubation With Porphyromonas gingivalis Protein Extract

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a major periodontal pathogen that contains immunostimulatory components. Periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells (PDLMSCs) are responsible for regeneration of the periodontium that is lost due to periodontitis. Pathologic factors within the microenvironment that impair resident PDLMSCs are not well understood. The present study investigates in vitro the effects of Pg protein extract (PgPE) on biologic properties of CD105-enriched PDL progenitor cell populations (PDL-CD105(+)). Methods: Five populations of PDL-CD10(5+) cells were exposed to PgPE and assessed for cell viability, apoptosis, and proinflammatory gene expression (interleukin-1 beta {[}IL-1 beta], tumor necrosis factor-alpha {[}TNF-alpha], and IL-6) by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, IL-6 immunostaining, activation of IL-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling pathway, and osteogenic differentiation potential. Results: PgPE treatment (2 mu g/mL) did not affect cell viability or survival but induced a significant increase in IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and positive staining for IL-6. A total of 29 genes from the IL-6/STAT3 pathway were upregulated on PgPE stimulation. These genes are related to biologic processes involved in the control of cell survival (B-cell lymphoma 2 {[}BCL2]), cell proliferation (hepatocytehepatocyte growth factor), cytokine-mediated signaling pathway (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, C-X-C ligand 8 {[}CXCL8]), and response to stress (CXCL8, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, BCL2-associated X protein, and BCL2). Additionally, PgPE treatment caused an increase in alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression in PDL-CD105(+) cells after 7 days of osteogenic induction, although mineral nodule formation was comparable to the control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that the inflammatory profile induced by PgPE treatment in PDL-CD105(+) cells did not affect cell viability, apoptosis, or osteogenic differentiation, perhaps due to increased expression of genes involved in the control of cell proliferation and protection against cell death. (AU)