Copy-move forgery identification in digital images

In this work, we investigate two approaches toward Copy-move Forgery detection in digital images. The first approach relies on the Generalized PatchMatch algorithm [4], which aims at finding patch correspondences in one or more images. Our approach consists in applying the Generalized PatchMatch algorithm in a certain image in order to obtain, for each of its patches, a set of similar patches based on their histogram distances. Next, we check the correspondences of each patch to decide whether or not they are portions of a duplicated region. Our second approach is based on a Voting and Multiscale Analysis process of an image. Given a suspicious image, we extract its interest points robust to scale and rotation transformations and we find possible correspondences among them. Next, we group the correspondent points into regions considering some geometric constraints, such as physical distance and inclination of the line between points of interest. After that, we construct a multiscale pyramid to represent the image scale-space. In each image, we examine the created groups using a descriptor robust to rotation, scaling and compression. This process decreases the search space of duplicated regions and yields a detection map. The final decision depends on a voting among all the detected maps, in which a pixel is considered as part of a manipulation if it is marked as so in the majority of the pyramid scales. We validate both methods using a dataset we have built comprising 108 original and realistic clonings. We compare the proposed methods to others from the state-of-the-art using such cloning dataset (AU)