Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most common cancers of the urinary tract. Although the most frequent is the non-muscle-invasive form, many of these cases evolve to the muscle-invasive form. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme expressed at sites where immunomodulation is required, including the maternal-fetal interface, where the presence of IDO protects the semi-halogen embryo…