Effect of high-fat diet and yerba mate aqueous extract (Ilex paraguariensis) on body composition and on inflammatory response of peritonial macrophages in Wistar rats

Introduction Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and non communicable chronic diseases (NCCD). In macrophages, the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-B) controls the gene expression of many inflammatory mediators and its activity can be regulated by several food bioactive compounds. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contains bioactive compounds such as cafeic acid, kaempferol, quercetin and 3,5-dicafeoilquinic acid, which can reduce NF-B activity in macrophages in vitro. Objective To investigate the effects of high fat diet (HFD) and yerba mate consumption on body composition and on the inflammatory response of peritonial macrophages of Wistar rats. Methods - Male Wistar rats were fed control diet or HFD (n = 36) for 12 weeks. After this period, 12 animals from each group were euthanized, while the remaining was distributed in groups that received, or not, by gavage, yerba mate aqueous extract for four weeks. Data related to the effect of HFD were analysed by unpaired t test or the equivalent nonparametric test (MannWhitney). Concerning the analysis of Yerba mate effect, the analysis of variance (ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc) or the equivalent nonparametric test (Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn post-hoc) was used. The level of significance adopted was p < 0.05. Results After 12 weeks, the consumption of HFD increased weight gain, body fat and HOMA (Homeostasis Model Assessment) index (p < 0.05). There were no differences in systemic inflammatory biomarkers, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. Concerning the essays involving peritoneal macrophages, the capacity of synthesis of IL-1, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO) and IL-10 was reduced in the cells of HFD-fed animals, when stimulated with lipopolyssacharides (LPS). Furthermore, a decrease in B inhibitor kinase (IKK)- phosphorylation, in B inhibitor (IB)- degradation and in NF-B activation was observed (p < 0,05). The ingestion of yerba mate aqueous extract lowered weight gain and body fat and reduced plasma insulin, TNF- and IL-6 (p < 0,05). No effect of yerba mate was observed in parameters related to peritoneal macrophages inflammatory response. Conclusions The chronic consumption of HFD led to a diminished capacity of synthesizing inflammatory mediators by LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages, which was associated to a decrease in NF-B signaling pathway activation. Although yerba mate did not influence peritoneal macrophages inflammatory response, it caused a reduction in body fat and in cardiometabolic risk biomarkers, suggesting a potential benefit of yerba mate for NCCD risk reduction (AU)