Green analytical chemistry: from sample preparation to trace element determinations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Abstract

Many chemical processes can lead to negative impacts in the environment. This has increasingly led to acceptance of the need for environmental responsibility, the use of clean techniques, and methods of sustainable development. Advances in chemical analysis procedures aim to minimize impacts by reducing the volume and toxicity of the reagents used and the wastes generated, and by reducing energy consumption wherever possible. The objectives of this research project are coherent with the need to develop environmentally friendly methodologies. The work concerns optimization of the amounts of reagents employed in microwave-assisted digestion (MW-AD) systems (with use of dilute acids and alternative extractant solutions, and alkaline digestion employing TMAH, with substitution of reagents harmful to health). Evaluation will also be made of different methods of extraction with solvents including water, included a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and pressurized water extraction (PWE)) and ionic liquids (ILs). These techniques will be critically evaluated for use prior to subsequent analyses of potentially toxic trace elements, such as As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr, in agricultural, environmental, food, and biological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Investigation will also be made of ways to minimize the main interferences inherent to this analytical technique. (AU)